第十章 隐含信息及封装词

1. 隐含信息

在第九章，我们通过分析I pay in cash揭示了一个秘密：in cash的逻辑连接对象，并非动词pay本身，而是pay背后隐藏的核心对象money。这个发现，为我们理解大量看似"不规则"的英语搭配打开了一扇新的大门。

我们所说的每一句话，都像一座冰山。水面之上的部分，是句子的表层结构 (Surface Structure)------我们能直接看到的单词和语法成分。而水面之下更庞大的部分，则是句子的深层逻辑 (Deep Logic)，它包含了大量的隐含信息 (Hidden Information)。这些信息根植于词汇的内在含义之中。

在面向对象英语语法中系统，隐含信息是指在句子的表层结构中并未直接出现，而是句子词汇的内在语义所"携带"的信息，且该信息与外部信息有发生联系。找出隐含信息对构建该句子深层逻辑、解释其语法合理性至关重要。

封装词是隐含信息这一概念的突出载体。本章，我们将系统地学习封装词，成为一名"语言的潜水员"，通过"英英释义解构法"，潜入水下，去挖掘和理解那些支撑着表层结构的隐含信息。

2. 封装词

在关系从句这一章中，我们学习了封装词的概念：如果一个词代表一个常用的语言片断（即隐含信息），我们称其为封装词。封装词在英语中非常普遍，对它的掌握是理解英语思维、学好英语的关键。为更准确地把握封装词的含义，我们通过阅读单词的英文释义来深入剖析它们所代表的语言片段。接下来，本章将重点介绍英语中一些常见的封装词，帮助读者更好地掌握和运用这一语言现象。

1) 关系副词

关系副词	例句
whose (=of which/of whom)	The girl whose legs were badly injured was rushed to hospital = The girl the legs of whom were badly injured was rushed to hospital. 腿部严重受伤的女孩被火速送往医院。 Are there any rooms whose windows face the sea = Are there any rooms the windows of which face the sea? 有没有窗户朝海的房间？
when (=preposition+which)	She remembered the day when (=on which ) Paula had first arrived. 她记得葆拉刚来的那一天。 The years when (=in which ) he lived abroad were the happiest time of his life. 他在国外生活的那些年是他一生中最快乐的时光。 I'll never forget the moment when (=at which ) she said yes. 我永远不会忘记她答应的那一刻。
where (=preposition+which)	This is the park where (=in which ) I played when I was young. 这是我小时候玩过的公园。 The street where (=on which ) I live is very quiet. 我居住的街道非常安静。
why (=for+which)	The reason why (=for which ) he was late is that his car broke down on the way. 他迟到的原因是他的车在路上坏了。 I don't know the reason why (=for which ) she quit her job so suddenly. 我不知道她为什么突然辞去工作的原因。
that (=preposition+which)	He moved here the year that (=in which) his mother died. 他是他母亲去世那年搬来的。 I still remember the day that (=on which) the war broke out. 我依然记得战争爆发的那一天。

2) 部分副词性从句的引导词

副词性从句相当于副词，给句子增加时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、对比或方式信息。其引导词大部分为封装词，在本节中，我们将学习几个常见的引导词，希望能起到抛砖引玉的作用，激发大家进一步探索副词性从句的兴趣，如：

• When he saw her, he waved. 他一看见她就摆了摆手。
  *when是一个封装词：at the time at which。
• Stay where you are. 呆在你现在的位置。
  *where是一个封装词：at/in the place at/in which。
• We'll stay at home if it rains. 如果下雨的话，我们就呆在家里。
  *if是一个封装词：on the condition that。
• I don't like the car because it is too big. 我不喜欢那辆车，因为它太大了。
  *because是一个封装词：for the reason that。
• I got up early so that I could catch the first bus. 我起得早，以便赶第一趟巴士。
  *so是一个封装词：for the purpose。
• Though he was poor he was happy. 虽然穷，但他很快乐。
  *though是一个封装词：despite the fact that。
• She is as tall as her father (is tall). 她跟她父亲一样高。
  *第一个as是一个封装词：to the degree。第二个as也是一个封装词：to which。
• Think as I think. 按照我的思考方式思考。
  *as是一个封装词：in the way in which。

3) 大部分情态动词

情态动词(modal verbs)是表达可能性、必要性、能力、推测、允许、意愿等概念的一组动词，通常与动词原形一起使用。英语中的主要情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to。

英语中，大多数情态动词都是封装词，它们的使用可以使我们的表达更加简洁明了。在本节中，我们将通过深入学习几个常用的情态动词的实例，来激发大家更深入地研究和理解这类词汇的兴趣。

• I can swim. 我会游泳。
  *can是一个封装词：to have the ability to do something or to know how to do something.
• You can't park here. 不可以在这停车。
  *can是一个封装词：to be allowed to do something or to have the right or power to do something.
• You could be right. 你可能是对的。
  *could是一个封装词: to be in a possible situation.
• All passengers must wear seat belts. 所有乘客必须系安全带。
  *must是一个封装词：to have an obligation.
• I will give you a lift. 我用车顺便送你一下。
  *will是一个封装词：to have a will (有某种意愿).
• You should send her a note. 你应该给她留一个便条。
  *should是一个封装词：to have an obligation.

4) 传统语法中除BE以外的其他系动词

在传统语法中，系动词主要可以分为以下几类：状态系动词（be）、持续系动词（keep, remain, stay, lie, stand）、表像系动词（seem, appear, look）、感官系动词（feel, smell, sound, taste）、变化系动词（become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run）。

在面向对象英语语法中，除BE以外，这些所谓的系动词都是封装词，下面我们分析几个例子，以加深对这一类词的理解：

• He kept silent. 他保持沉默。
  *keep是一个封装词: to stay in a state of being (?). state是隐含信息，例句中?=silent：state of being silent。
• She looks beautiful. 她看起来很漂亮。
  *look是一个封装词: to give the impression of being (?). impression是隐含信息，例句中?=beautiful：impression of being beautiful.
• The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。
  *smell是一个封装词: to have a smell of being (?). smell是隐含信息，例句中?=sweet：smell of being sweet.
• She became fat. 她变胖了。
  *become是一个封装词: to come to a state of being (?). state是隐含信息，例句中?=fat：state of being fat。

5) 其他常见的封装词

• What we need is food. 我们需要的是食物。
  *what是一个封装词：the thing that。
• He was aboard the ship. 他在船上。
  *aboard是一个封装词：on the board of (sth)。
• They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather. 尽管天气不好, 他们的假日还是过得极为愉快。
  *despite是一个封装词: not affected by sth.
• She walked slowly. 她走得很慢。
  *slowly是一个封装词：in a slow way。*绝大多数副词都是封装词，其封装的内容常为：介词+名词。
• They are possibly students. 他们有可能是学生。
  *possibly是一个封装词：which is possible。
• Pat is more generous than I am. 帕特比我更慷慨。
  *more是一个封装词：in a degree above the degree。封装词than：in which。

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3. 练习

（本章原书无练习，以下为补充理解题）

1. 请解释下列句子中划线词的封装含义：
   a. He can speak three languages.
   b. The reason why he left is unknown.
   c. She looked happy.
2. 将下列句子中的划线部分用封装词改写：
   a. This is the place at which we met.
   b. I don't know the thing that you mean.

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