第十七章 冠词

1. 冠词

冠词是一种虚词,本身不能独立使用,只能放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。冠词有两种:不定冠词 a/an 和定冠词 the。

1) 不定冠词的用法

a用于辅音前(不是辅音字母),an用于元音前(不是元音字母)。不定冠词a/an与数词one同源,基本意义是"一个",用在可数名词单数前,如:a man, a unit, an egg, an hour。

常见用法示例
表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个,经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时,用不定冠词起介绍的作用,表示一个。I've bought a car. 我买了一辆车。
I heard a child crying. 我听到一个小孩在哭。
表示人或事物的某一种类,强调整体,即以其中的一个代表一类。An owl can see in the dark. 猫头鹰在黑暗中能看见东西。
A teacher needs to have a lot of patience. 教师需要有耐心。
表示"每一"的意思。I get paid once a month. 我每月领一次工资。
用于姓氏前,表示家庭中的一员。One of his daughters had married a Rothschild. 他的一个女儿嫁入了罗特希尔德家族。
相当于one。You'll have to wait an hour or two. 你要等一到两小时。
用于一些习语中。a few, a lot, a great deal
用于经常一起提起的两个名词前(常视为一体)。a cup and saucer(一副杯碟),a knife and fork(一副刀叉)
用于饮料名词之前,表一杯。Can I get you a coffee? 给你来杯咖啡怎么样?
用于著名艺术家的名字之前,表示他的一个作品。The painting my grandfather gave me turned out to be a Constable. 我祖父给我的那幅画原来是康斯塔伯的作品。
用于动名词之前,表示一个动作、事件或声音。I became aware of a humming. 我好像听到了一阵嗡嗡声。
不定冠词+抽象名词表示一种具体的感情、行为等,但名词前常有其他修饰词。There was still an abundance of food when we arrived. 我们抵达时还有很多食物。
We're looking for someone with a good knowledge of German. 我们正在找一个精通德语的人。
What a surprise! 多么令人吃惊的事!
与某人姓名连用,表示说话者不认识此人。A Mrs. Green is waiting to see you. 有一位格林太太正等着见你。
表示像(某人)的人。My boss is a little Napoleon. 我的老板是个小拿破仑。

2) 定冠词的用法

定冠词the(读作:/ðə/,在元音音素前强读/ði:/)与指示代词this/these,that/those同源,有那(这)个的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或事物。

常见用法示例
指已提到过的或已知所指的人、物、事或群体。I just bought a new shirt and some new shoes. The shirt was pretty expensive, but the shoes weren't. 我刚买了一件新衬衫和几双新鞋。衬衫很贵,但鞋子不贵。
指独一无二的人或事物。the sun,the moon
与序数词、形容词最高级,以及first, last, next等连用。the best day of your life 你一生中最美好的一天
What was the last thing I said? 我最后说的是什么?
与形容词连用,表示某类或某国的全体分子或成员。trying to do the impossible 试图做做不到的事
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 富的越富,穷的越穷。
The French are famous for their cooking. 法国人以擅长烹调著称。
与可数名词的单数连用,指这一类的全体。The chimpanzee is an endangered species. 黑猩猩是濒于灭绝的动物。
用于量度单位前,表示"每一"。My car does forty miles to the gallon. 我的汽车每加仑汽油跑四十英里。
I work freelance and am paid by the hour. 我是自由职业者, 按小时计酬。
用在姓名复数之前,表示一家人。The Greens are very kind to us. 格林一家人待我们很好。
用于一些固定结构中。in the end 最后,by the way 顺便
用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。the West Lake 西湖,the Great Wall 长城,the United States 美国
用于表示地点、方位、具体的时间或某天的一部分。in the east 在东方,in the west 在西方,in the front 在前面,at the back 在后面,in the afternoon 在下午
用于西洋乐器前。play the piano 弹钢琴,play the violin 拉小提琴

3) 不用冠词的常见情形

不用冠词的常见情形示例
专有名词前常不加冠词,但如其后有修饰性成分表特指,需加定冠词。He is no longer the Brown we knew ten years ago. 他不是我们十年前认识的那个布朗。
The Beijing of today is different from what it was. 今天的北京不同于从前的北京了。
年份、月份、星期、节日前一般不加冠词。in 2015, in May, on Sunday, on Christmas Day
★我国特有的节日要用定冠词:the Spring Festival 春节,the Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋节
三餐、四季前一般不加冠词。I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。
Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。
比较:I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个)
进行球类、棋类运动,常不加冠词。play basketball 打篮球,play volleyball 打排球,play football 踢足球
They meet fairly often to play chess. 他们常见面下国际象棋。
"物质名词、抽象名词"表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,但如其后有修饰性成分表特指,需加定冠词。Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
The water in this well is fit to drink. 这口井里的水能喝。
The music of the film is very beautiful. 这部影片的音乐很动听。
没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。
My mother and father are school teachers. 我母亲和父亲都是教师。
指职位、头衔的词前一般不用冠词。In 1860, Lincoln became President of the United States. 1860年,林肯成了美国的总统。
We made him head of our class. 我们选了他做班长。
当"bike, car, bus, train, boat, ship, plane"等与"by"连用,表示一种交通手段时,不用冠词。Shall we walk or go by bus? 我们是步行呢,还是乘公共汽车呢?
Are you travelling by train? 你准备坐火车旅行吗?
某些固定词组中不用冠词。The bus didn't come, so we started out on foot. 公交没来,所以我们步行出发了。
You should go to bed early tonight. 你今天晚上应该早些睡觉。

★总结:虽然冠词的用法繁多,但我们学习时要注意从其基本用法出发(即a/an表泛指,the表特指),这样有利于我们从根本上掌握其用法。


2. 练习

单选:选择最合适的答案。

  1. A: Do you often play \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tennis after school?
    B: No, I don't like sports. I often play \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ guitar.
    A. a, the B. the, / C. /, the D. the, a
  2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ orange on the desk is for you, Mike.
    A. A B. An C. / D. The
  3. A: What's that on the table?
    B: It's \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ map.
    A. a B. an C. the D. /
  4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Father's Day is coming. Jerry will buy a new wallet for his father.
    A. A B. An C. The D. /
  5. I know you don't like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ music very much. But what do you think of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ music in the film we saw yesterday?
    A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the
  6. My neighbor asked me to go for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ walk, but I don't think I've got \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ energy.
    A. a; / B. the; the C. a; the D. /; the
  7. In many places in China, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bicycle is still \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ popular means of transportation.
    A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
  8. I ate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sandwich while I was waiting for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 20:08 train.
    A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a
  9. How about taking \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ short break? I want to make \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ call.
    A. the;a B. a;the C. the;the D. a;a
  10. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are planning to go on vacation.
    A. Black's B. A Black's C. The Black's D. The Blacks

注:此处仅保留部分代表性练习,完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。