第七章 并列分句的简化

1. 并列分句的简化

在前两章，我们学习了如何简化关系从句。在本章，我们将探索一种更自由的简化方式。当两个或多个地位平等的独立事件所表达的意思紧密相连时，我们可以将它们用and联结起来，其中的任何一个句子都称为并列分句。为了让表达更紧凑、更有节奏感，我们可以省略连词and，并将其中一个或多个分句简化，使其在形式上成为另一个完整分句的伴随部分。这种简化保留了原有的并列逻辑关系，但结构上更为凝练，如：

1. My little sister is tall and her hair is black. 我的妹妹身材高挑，有一头黑发。
   IC 1：My little sister is tall.
   IC 2：Her hair is black.
   → My little sister is tall, her hair black.
   *IC2采用了DOING的简化形式，即is变成being，然后being也省略。简化后，and被逗号所取代。

2. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures and some have a life span of around 20 years. 蝙蝠是令人惊叹的长寿生物，有的能活约20年。
   IC 1：Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures.
   IC 2：Some have a life span of around 20 years.
   → Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some having a life span of around 20 years. *IC2采用了DOING的简化形式。

3. They were walking in the street and they were looking for somewhere to stay. 他们在街上走着，想找一个住的地方。
   IC 1：They were walking in the street.
   IC 2：They were looking for somewhere to stay.
   → They were walking in the street, looking for somewhere to stay. *IC2采用了DOING的简化形式。they为重复信息也省略。

4. He didn't realize that he was in great danger and he walked deeper into the forest. 没有意识到自己身处险境，他向森林越走越深。
   IC 1：He didn't realize that he was in great danger.
   IC 2：He walked deeper into the forest.
   → Not realizing that he was in great danger, he walked deeper into the forest. *IC1采用了DOING的简化形式。注意did去掉，not要位于realizing之前。

5. My little sister came to see me from the country and she brought me a full basket of fresh fruits. 我妹妹从乡下来看我，给我带来了一篮子各种新鲜水果。
   IC 1: My little sister came to see me from the country.
   IC 2: She brought me a full basket of fresh fruits.
   → My little sister came to see me from the country, bringing me a full basket of fresh fruits.

6. Betty pretended to be cheerful and she said nothing about the argument. 贝蒂假装开心，对那次争论什么也没说。
   IC 1: Betty pretended to be cheerful.
   IC 2: She said nothing about the argument.
   → Betty pretended to be cheerful, saying nothing about the argument.

7. They had a wonderful childhood and they traveled with their parents to all corners of the world. 他们有一个很棒的童年，跟着父母在世界各地旅行。
   IC 1: They had a wonderful childhood.
   IC 2: They traveled with their parents to all corners of the world.
   → They had a wonderful childhood, traveling with their parents to all corners of the world.

8. Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai and they were tired and short of breath. 安迪和鲁比最先到达泰山顶，累得气喘吁吁的。
   IC 1: Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.
   IC 2: They were tired and short of breath.
   → Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai, tired and short of breath / Tired and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.

9. He came into the room and sat down on the sofa. 他走进房里，在沙发上坐了下来。
   IC 1: He came into the room.
   IC 2: (He) sat down on the sofa.
   → He came into the room, sitting down on the sofa / Coming into the room, he sat down on the sofa.

10. The match was over and they went home. 比赛结束后，他们回家了。
    IC 1: The match was over.
    IC 2: They went home.
    → The match over, they went home.

11. All the money had been spent and we started looking for work. 所有的钱花完后，我们开始找工作。
    IC 1: All the money had been spent.
    IC 2: We started looking for work.
    → All the money having been spent, we started looking for work. *IC1采用了DOING的简化形式。简化后，两个分句隐性的逻辑关系（即因果关系），读者可以通过句意去推测、理解。

12. The tall building had been attacked by terrorists and it collapsed. 这座高楼被恐怖分子攻击后倒塌了。
    IC 1: The tall building had been attacked by terrorists.
    IC 2: It collapsed.
    → Having been attacked by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.

13. Tom is dressed in a white uniform and he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 汤姆穿着一身白工作服，不像医生倒更像一个厨师。
    IC 1: Tom is dressed in a white uniform
    IC 2: He looks more like a cook than a doctor.
    → Dressed in a white uniform, Tom looks more like a cook than a doctor.

14. I send you 100 dollars today and the rest will follow in a year. 我今天给你寄100美元，余下的会在一年内寄给你。
    IC 1: I send you 100 dollars today.
    IC 2: The rest will follow in a year.
    → I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. *IC2的谓语动词块的时为将来，因而采用了TO DO的简化形式。

15. We shall assemble at ten forty-five and the procession will start moving at precisely eleven. 我们将在10点45分集合，游行11点整开始。
    IC 1: We shall assemble at ten forty-five.
    IC 2: The procession will start moving at precisely eleven.
    → We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.

16. I arrived at the shop and I only found I'd left all my money at home. 我到商店却发现钱全落在家了。
    IC 1: I arrived at the shop.
    IC 2: I only found I'd left all my money at home.
    → I arrived at the shop only to find I'd left all my money at home. *因为IC2表达一个意想不到的事件，按习惯常采用TO DO的简化形式。

2. 并列分句的简化规则

通过分析大量来自权威语料库的句子，作者总结出了并列分句的简化规则，如下表所示：

简化规则		示例
1. 当IC的谓语动词块不含情态动词时	1.1 当IC的谓语动词块的时间是将来或过去将来	通常采用TO DO的简化形式：We shall assemble at ten forty-five and the procession will start moving at precisely eleven → We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
	1.2 当IC的谓语动词块的时间是现在	—
	1.2.1 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为完成或完成进行	通常采用DOING的简化形式：I have just ate an apple and I don't want to eat anything now → Having just ate an apple, I don't want to eat anything now.
	1.2.2 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为进行	通常采用DOING的简化形式：The famous singer is traveling across the country, promoting her new album.
	1.2.3 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为一般	通常采用DOING的简化形式：Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures and some have a life span of around 20 years → Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some having a life span of around 20 years.
	1.3 当IC的谓语动词块的时间是过去	—
	1.3.1 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为完成或完成进行	通常采用DOING的简化形式：The tall building had been attacked by terrorists and it collapsed → Having been attacked by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.
	1.3.2 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为进行	通常采用DOING的简化形式：They were walking in the street and they were looking for somewhere to stay → They were walking in the street, looking for somewhere to stay.
	1.3.3 当IC的谓语动词块的状态为一般	—
	1.3.3.1 当IC的谓语动词块的第一部分是BE	通常采用DOING的简化形式：The match was over and they went home → The match over, they went home.
	1.3.3.2 当IC的谓语动词块的第一部分是静态动词	通常采用DOING的简化形式：She denied any interest in politics and she claimed that she wished to continue in forensic medicine → Denying any interest in politics, she claimed that she wished to continue in forensic medicine.
2. 当IC的谓语动词块含有任意以下情态动词（且含有如括号里所示的意义）时： should/ought to (表建议), should (表意外惊讶)		通常采用TO DO的简化形式：This is only a passing infatuation, not to be taken too seriously. / He must have been blind, not to see that.

---

3. 练习

A. 尝试简化以下句子中的粗体所示的并列分句。

1. He was lost in thought and he almost walked into the car in front of him.
2. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock and they were sending supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake.
3. The lawyer listened with full attention and she was trying not to miss any point．
4. We had been shown around the Water Cube and we were then taken to see the Bird's Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.
5. The lady walked around the shops and she kept an eye out for bargains.
6. The news shocked the public and it led to great concern about students' safety at school.
7. He had been told many times and he finally understood it.
8. We had failed to reach them on the phone and we sent an email instead.
9. The children went home from the school and their lessons were finished for the day.
10. He was busy writing a story and he only stopped once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

B. 单选：选择最合适的答案。

1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
3. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits. A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
4. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police. A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing
5. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the same thing. A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said

注：此处仅保留部分代表性练习，完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。