第五章 限制性关系从句的简化

1. 限制性关系从句的简化

在英语中，每一个谓语都含有一个主动词。通过增加助动词或变换动词形式的方法，我们可以把时间、状态、语态或人称信息附着在主动词上，形成一个谓语动词块，同时我们还可以在这个谓语动词块的最前面加上情态动词，形成一个更大的谓语动词块，以表现语气（陈述、祈使或虚拟）。

当一个句子被简化时，其谓语动词块常变为TO DO的简化形式或DOING的简化形式。在大多数情况下，如果其谓语动词块含有情态动词或其谓语动词块的时间为将来或过去将来，谓语动词块常变为TO DO的简化形式，否则变为DOING的简化形式。简化后，谓语动词块的时间取决于上下文。下面我们来学习此规则在限制性关系从句的简化中的具体运用。

限制性关系从句中的重复信息大部分可以省略，如：

1) The book which is on the desk is red. 桌子上的书是红色的。
MC: The book is red.
RRC: which is on the desk.
→ The book on the desk is red.
*RRC的谓语动词块不含情态动词，其时间也不是将来或过去将来，RRC采用DOING的简化形式。which指的是the book，作为重复信息，可以省略，然后我们将is（RRC的谓语动词块）变成being，因为being没有实际意义，所以也可以省略。

2) The woman who is beautiful is in the bedroom. 那个漂亮的女人在卧室里。
MC: The woman is in the bedroom.
RRC: who is beautiful.
→ The beautiful woman is in the bedroom.
*RRC采用DOING的简化形式。简化后，如只留下一个单词，此时通常将其移至先行词的前面。

3) The girl who is drinking water is fashionable. 那个正在喝水的女孩很时髦。
MC: The girl is fashionable.
RRC: who is drinking water.
→ The girl drinking water is fashionable.
*RRC采用DOING的简化形式。who省略，将RRC的谓语动词块is drinking变成DOING形式，即being drinking，being没有实际意义，省略掉。

4) The house which is being built there is our new dorm. 那儿正在建的房子是我们的新宿舍。
MC: The house is our new dorm.
RRC: which is being built there.
→ The house being built there is our new dorm.
*在which is being built there中is being built是谓语动词块，简化时采用DOING的简化形式，即is being built → being being built，然后第一个being省略。

5) He has a burning ambition which is to become famous. 他有想成名的强烈愿望。
MC: He has a burning ambition.
RRC: which is to become famous.
→ He has a burning ambition to become famous.
*RRC采用DOING的简化形式，being省略。

6) The girl who wore a hat slept. 戴帽子的女孩睡着了。
MC: The girl slept.
RRC: who wore a hat.
→ The girl wearing a hat slept.
*wore采用DOING的简化形式变成wearing。

7) The people who love peace are kind. 热爱和平的人民是善良的。
MC: The people are kind.
RRC: who love peace
→ The people loving peace are kind / The peace-loving people are kind.

8) The basketball which/that I like is red. 我喜欢的篮球是红色的。
MC: The basketball is red.
RRC: which/that I like.
→ The basketball I like is red.
*which/that指代the basketball，在RRC中作动词宾语，作为重复信息，可以省略，但RRC的谓语动词需保持不变。

9) One of the women who/whom I work with is getting married this weekend. 与我共事的女士中的一位本周末要结婚。
→ One of the women I work with is getting married this weekend.

10) I like the room which the girl is in. 我喜欢那个女孩所在的房间。
→ I like the room the girl is in.

11) He is not the man that he was. 他已不是曾经的他了。
→ He is not the man he was.

12) The woman who is tall will come. 那个身材高大的妇女会来。
→ The tall woman will come.

13) We are invited to a party which will be held in our club next Friday. 我们应邀参加下周五在我们俱乐部举行的聚会。
→ We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
*which指代a party，作为重复信息，可以省略。will be held是谓语动词块，因其时间为将来，所以采用TO DO的简化形式，即将will去掉，将be held变成to be held。

14) She has a large family that she must support. 她有一大家子需要养。
→ She has a large family to support.
*must support是谓语动词块，因含有情态动词must，所以采用TO DO的简化形式，即将must去掉，将support变成to support。

15) Here are some books that you can read on the way. 这里有一些您可以在途中阅读的书籍。
→ Here are some books for you to read on the way.
*can read是谓语动词块，因含有情态动词can，所以采用TO DO的简化形式，变成to read。you不是重复信息，需在前面加上介词for将其保留下来。

16) It is time when you should reconsider your decision. 现在是你该重新考虑你的决定的时候了。
→ It is time for you to reconsider your decision.
*should reconsider是谓语动词块，因含有情态动词should，所以采用TO DO的简化形式，变成to reconsider。根据习惯，先行词为time，引导词when (=at which) 可以省略。you不是重复信息，需在前面加上介词for将其保留下来。

17) She must have time in which she can pack. 她必须有时间收拾行李。
→ She must have time to pack.
*can pack是谓语动词块，因含有情态动词can，所以采用TO DO的简化形式，变成to pack。因先行词为time，按习惯介词in也省略。

18) He also had a revolver with which he could defend himself. 他也有一把可以用来自卫的左轮手枪。
→ He also had a revolver to defend himself with / He also had a revolver with which to defend himself.
*常用第一种表达方式，第二种表达相对更正式。

19) They were the last guests who arrived. 他们是最后来的一批客人。
→ They were the last guests to arrive.
*根据习惯，如果先行词被序数词/next/last/only/very/形容词的最高级修饰，通常RRC采用TO DO的简化形式。

2. 限制性关系从句的简化规则

在简化任何句子时，需遵循以下两条基本原则：

1. 简化后，省略的信息（如主语、谓语动词块的时间、状态或语态等），可以从上下文推测出来，且无歧义。
2. 简化后的句子相对更简洁。

通过分析大量来自权威语料库的句子，作者总结出了限制性关系从句的简化规则，如下表所示（简要）：

情况	简化方式	示例
当RRC的谓语动词块不含情态动词，且关系代词是RRC的主语时	通常RRC的谓语动词块采用DOING的简化形式	The girl who is drinking water → the girl drinking water
当RRC的谓语动词块的时间是将来或过去将来时	通常采用TO DO的简化形式	the meeting which will be held → the meeting to be held
当RRC的谓语动词块含有情态动词（can, must, should等）	通常采用TO DO的简化形式	work that you must do → work for you to do
当关系代词是RRC的宾语或谓语名词时	关系代词可省略，谓语动词保持不变	the book (which) I like → the book I like

3. 封装形容词

封装形容词是由多个词组成的形容词，通常由一个或多个连字符连接。其本质是一个简化形式的关系从句，如：

• It is a defeat which breaks one's heart → It is a defeat breaking one's heart → It is a heartbreaking defeat.
• He is an employee who works hard → He is an employee working hard → He is a hardworking employee.
• I prefer wine which is made at home → I prefer wine made at home → I prefer homemade wine.
• There is a church which is beaten by weather in the village → There is a church beaten by weather in the village → There is a weather-beaten church in the village.
• The sky is filled with clouds which look strange → The sky is filled with clouds looking strange → The sky is filled with strange-looking clouds.

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4. 练习

A. 尝试简化以下句子中的关系从句。

1. She wears a coat which is white.
2. The basketball which is red is very expensive.
3. One of them was carrying a bag which was full of money.
4. The mobile which is in the box is mine.
5. After I had left a small village which was in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

B. 单选：选择最合适的答案。

1. The picture \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
2. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ "Sorry to miss you; will call later." A. read B. reads C. to read D. reading
3. Recently a survey \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared

注：此处仅保留部分代表性练习，完整练习请参考纸质版或后续版本。